The idea that “stupid people” killed Socrates is a popular but misleading interpretation of the Dunning-Kruger effect.  The effect, originally studied by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999, does not refer to general intelligence or “dumb people” as a group.  Instead, it describes a cognitive bias where individuals with limited knowledge or skill in a specific domain overestimate their competence—especially when …

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